Applied Physics Lecture: Temperature and Kinetic Theory

Convert a temperature given in degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius and/or degrees Kelvin, and vice versa.
State the factors that cause the volume of a solid or liquid to change or the length of a solid to change. Also, solve word problems and determine the final length or volume.
Write the mathematical relationships that summarize Boyle's law, Charles law, Gay Lussac's law, and the ideal gas equation. Use these equations to solve word problems.
State in your own words Avogadro's hypothesis. State from memory the modern value of Avogadro's number.
State the postulates of the kinetic theory of gases.

Rewrite the ideal gas equation in terms of motion of the molecules of an ideal gas.
Explain what is meant by the term rms velocity.
Explain what is meant by Van der Waal's forces.
Given a phase diagram for water, determine the range of temperature and pressure at which water is a solid, liquid, or gas. Describe what is meant by the triple point of water and point out the triple point on a phase diagram.
Explain what is meant by sublimation and use a phase diagram to determine the range of temperatures and pressures for which the sublimation of water could occur.
Explain why evaporation from a liquid is related to the temperature of the liquid and the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the liquid.
Explain what is meant by vapor pressure and explain why vapor pressure is related to the temperature of the liquid and the boiling point of the liquid.
Distinguish between relative humidity and absolute humidity and solve word problems related to relative humidity.
Explain what is meant by diffusion and why diffusion is slower through a liquid than through a gas.
Use Fick's law to solve word problems related to gaseous diffusion.
State Graham's law of diffusion and use this law to determine the mass of a molecule of an unknown gas.

All matter is made of atoms.
Atomic and molecular masses are measured in atomic mass units, u.
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is, and is measured by thermometers.
There are three temperature scales in use: Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin.
When heated, a solid will get longer by a fraction given by the coefficient of linear expansion.
The fractional change in volume of gases, liquids, and solids is given by the coefficient of volume expansion.
Ideal gas law:
One mole of a substance is the number of grams equal to the atomic or molecular mass.
Each mole contains Avogadro’s number of atoms or molecules.
The average kinetic energy of molecules in a gas is proportional to the temperature:
Below the critical temperature, a gas can liquefy if the pressure is high enough.
At the triple point, all three phases are in equilibrium.
Evaporation occurs when the fastest moving molecules escape from the surface of a liquid.
Saturated vapor pressure occurs when the two phases are in equilibrium.
Relative humidity is the ratio of the actual vapor pressure to the saturated vapor pressure.
Diffusion is the process whereby the concentration of a substance becomes uniform.

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